What do cyber operations primarily involve in modern warfare?

Cyber operations in modern warfare primarily focus on disrupting, damaging, or destroying enemy information systems. This is because information systems are critical for command and control, communications, intelligence gathering, and logistics in military operations. Cyber operations exploit vulnerabilities in these systems to gain an advantage over opponents, whether through hacking, malware deployment, or denial of service attacks.

The essence of modern warfare has shifted to include cyber warfare as a significant domain alongside traditional land, air, and sea operations. By targeting information systems, military forces can undermine an adversary's operational effectiveness without the need for direct physical confrontation, leading to strategic advantages in the battlefield. This aspect of cyber operations reflects the increasing importance of information technology in military strategy and operations.